Behaviorally Disordered or Socially Maladjusted

Write a brief explanation of factors to be taken into consideration when assessing and determining whether a student is behaviorally disordered or socially maladjusted. When we are assessing a child to determine if a behaviorally disordered or socially maladjusted we must notice problems such as the child staying on task or trying to focus. A child might also be getting low grades when we know they are capable to complete their work.Children that are behaviorally disordered or socially maladjusted can have problems including attention deficit problems, problems with certain teachers, emotional disturbance, depression, anxiety, and environmental factors from the child’s home. Observation is used to try to understand and be aware of factors that might be influencing a child’s behavior. We must do observations of a specific situation, various settings, and different times of day. The observer has target behaviors that they record throughout the observation.Four of the most common recordings are anecdotal recording, even recording, latency recording, and duration recording. By doing observations we should be able to provide the behaviors we are frequently seeing, information that might relate to services a child might be needing, information that can help form intervention plans and goals, and an understanding of the child’s abilities in certain areas. Interviews help us gather information effectively. We can have a structured or unstructured interview to help us gain insight and understand the child and additional concerns.We must understand what behaviors need to be watched and when we do the assessment for the child’s suspected disability. We must be aware of a child’s comfort level when doing assessment because if a child is displaying a high level of discomfort it might be a sign of more serious problems. Testing environment must be taken into consideration because it can have a large impact on the results of the testing when determining the true needs of the child. We can look at reaction time, the nature of responses give, the child’s verbal interaction ith the examiner, and organizational approach during testing, adaptability, and the child’s attitude. These must all be looked at and observed when assessing for this type of disability. When assessing a child’s behavior we must have knowledge of the degree the child believes their behaviors make a difference in their life, the tolerance for frustration that the child has, the activity level of the child, self-view of the child, emotional response of the child, and the conflict experienced by the child. Psychological testing is used in assessment of behavior and is administered by the school psychologist.There are many tests we can use to determine if behavior is a disability for the child. Behavior Intervention Plans must be developed when dealing with a child’s inappropriate behaviors. This is intended to reduce the need f or extreme discipline measures. These types of plans are intended to help control and suppress the behaviors that are inappropriate for a child. We must fully understand the psychological makeup of a child that might be behaviorally disordered or socially maladjusted to help recommend the correct placement and services that the child might need .

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay

Note: Nineteenth Century American Transcendentalism is not a religion (in the traditional sense of the word); it is a pragmatic philosophy, a state of mind, and a form of spirituality. It is not a religion because it does not adhere to the three concepts common in major religions: a. a belief in a God; b. a belief in an afterlife (dualism); and c. a belief that this life has consequences on the next (if you’re good in this life, you go to heaven in the next, etc. ). Transcendentalism is monist; it does not reject an afterlife, but its emphasis is on this life. The Assumed, Presumed, or the Self-Identified Transcendentalists: Central Points of Agreement: NOTE: The Transcendentalists, in keeping with the individualistic nature of this philosophy, disagreed readily with each other. Here are four points of general agreement: Basic Assumption: The intuitive faculty, instead of the rational or sensical, became the means for a conscious union of the individual psyche (known in Sanskrit as Atman) with the world psyche also known as the Oversoul, life-force, prime mover and God (known in Sanskrit as Brahma). Basic Premises: 1. An individual is the spiritual center of the universe – and in an individual can be found the clue to nature, history and, ultimately, the cosmos itself. It is not a rejection of the existence of God, but a preference to explain an individual and the world in terms of an individual. 2. The structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self – all knowledge, therefore, begins with self-knowledge. This is similar to Aristotle’s dictum â€Å"know thyself. † 3. Transcendentalists accepted the neo-Platonic conception of nature as a living mystery, full of signs – nature is symbolic. 4. The belief that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization – this depends upon the reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies: a. the expansive or self-transcending tendency – a desire to embrace the whole world – to know and become one with the world. b. the contracting or self-asserting tendency – the desire to withdraw, remain unique and separate – an egotistical existence. Correspondence. It is a concept which suggests that the external is united with the internal. Physical or material nature is neutral or indifferent or objective; it is neither helpful nor hurtful; it is neither beautiful nor ugly. What makes one give such attributes to nature is that individual’s imposition of her/his temperament or mood or psyche. If I’m feeling lousy, I may dismiss a gorgeous day; if I’m feeling bright and cheerful then the most dreary of days becomes tolerable. And so, the Transcendentalists believed that â€Å"knowing yourself† and â€Å"studying nature† is the same activity. Nature mirrors our psyche. If I cannot understand myself, may be understanding nature will help. Here is Darrel Abel’s â€Å"take† on this concept: â€Å"Since one divine character was immanent everywhere in nature and in man, man’s reason could discern the spiritual ideas in nature and his senses could register impressions of the material forms of nature. To man the subject, nature the object, which shared the same divine constitution as himself, presented external images to the innate ideas in his soul. † (American Literature, Vol. 2, 1963, 4-5. ) Transcendentalism and the American Past. Transcendentalism as a movement is rooted in the American past: To Puritanism it owed its pervasive morality and the â€Å"doctrine of divine light. † It is also similar to the Quaker â€Å"inner light. † However, both these concepts assume acts of God, whereas intuition is an act of an individual. In Unitarianism, deity was reduced to a kind of immanent principle in every person – an individual was the true source of moral light. To Romanticism it owed the concept of nature as a living mystery and not a clockwork universe (deism) which is fixed and permanent. A subtle chain of countless rings The next unto the farthest brings; The eye reads omens where it goes, And speaks all languages the rose; And, striving to be man, the worm Mounts through all the spires of form. – Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature, 1836 Transcendentalism was a 1. spiritual, 2. philosophical and 3. literary movement and is located in the history of American Thought as (a). Post-Unitarian and free thinking in religious spirituality (b). Kantian and idealistic in philosophy and (c). Romantic and individualistic in literature. A Brief Chronology of Events. †¢ 1832 Emerson resigns the ministry of the Unitarian Church – unable to administer the holy communion. †¢ 1836 The annus mirabilis of the movement, during which Emerson published Nature (the â€Å"gospel† of transcendentalism); George Ripley published Discourses on the Philosophy of Religion; Orestes Brownson published New Views of Christianity, Society, and Church; Bronson Alcott published Record of Conversions in the Gospel (based on classroom discussions in his Temple School in Boston, and provoking severe criticism); the Transcendental Club, also known as Hedge’s Club, met for the first time. †¢ 1837 Emerson delivers his Phi Beta Kappa address on â€Å"The American Scholar† at Harvard, which James Russell Lowell called â€Å"an event without former parallel in our literary annals. † †¢ 1838 Emerson delivers his Divinity School Address at Harvard which touched off a great storm in religious circles. †¢ 1840 The founding of the Dial, a Transcendental magazine, which â€Å"enjoyed its obscurity,† to use Emerson’s words, for four years. †¢ 1841 The launching of George Ripley’s Brook Farm – a utopian experiment. Hawthorne was a resident there for a short time and wrote The Blithedale Romance based upon his experience there. †¢ 1842 Alcott’s utopian experiment at Fruitlands. †¢ 1845 Thoreau goes to live at Walden Pond. †¢ 1846 Thoreau is put in jail for his refusal to pay poll tax. †¢ 1850 Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act. The Transcendentalists found themselves increasingly involved in abolition of slavery. †¢ 1855 Walt Whitman publishes his Leaves of Grass. †¢ 1859 Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species is published. †¢ 1862 Henry David Thoreau dies. Basic Tenets of American Transcendentalism: Note: This list must not be considered to be a creed common to all transcendentalists. It is merely a grouping of certain important concepts shared by many of them. †¢ 1. Transcendentalism, essentially, is a form of idealism. †¢ 2. The transcendentalist â€Å"transcends† or rises above the lower animalistic impulses of life (animal drives) and moves from the rational to a spiritual realm. †¢ 3. The human soul is part of the Oversoul or universal spirit (or â€Å"float† for Whitman) to which it and other souls return at death. †¢ 4. Therefore, every individual is to be respected because everyone has a portion of that Oversoul (God). †¢ 5. This Oversoul or Life Force or God can be found everywhere – travel to holy places is, therefore, not necessary. 6. God can be found in both nature and human nature (Nature, Emerson stated, has spiritual manifestations). †¢ 7. Jesus also had part of God in himself – he was divine as everyone is divine – except in that he lived an exemplary and transcendental life and made the best use of that Power which is within each one. †¢ 8. â€Å"Miracle is monster. † The miracles of the Bible are not to be regarded as important as they were to the people of the past. Miracles are all about us – the whole world is a miracle and the smallest creature is one. â€Å"A mouse is a miracle enough to stagger quintillions of infidels. † – Whitman †¢ 9. More important than a concern about the afterlife, should be a concern for this life – â€Å"the one thing in the world of value is the active soul. † – Emerson †¢ 10. Death is never to be feared, for at death the soul merely passes to the oversoul. †¢ 11. Emphasis should be placed on the here and now. â€Å"Give me one world at a time. † – Thoreau †¢ 12. Evil is a negative – merely an absence of good. Light is more powerful than darkness because one ray of light penetrates the dark. †¢ 13. Power is to be obtained by defying fate or predestination, which seem to work against humans, by exercising one’s own spiritual and moral strength. Emphasis on self-reliance. †¢ 14. Hence, the emphasis is placed on a human thinking. †¢ 15. The transcendentalists see the necessity of examples of great leaders, writers, philosophers, and others, to show what an individual can become through thinking and action. †¢ 16. It is foolish to worry about consistency, because what an intelligent person believes tomorrow, if he/she trusts oneself, tomorrow may be completely different from what that person thinks and believes today. â€Å"A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. † – Emerson †¢ 17. The unity of life and universe must be realized. There is a relationship between all things. †¢ 18. One must have faith in intuition, for no church or creed can communicate truth. †¢ 19. Reform must not be emphasized – true reform comes from within. Reasons for the Rise of American Transcendentalism There was no one precise â€Å"cause† for the beginning of Transcendentalism. According to Paul Boller, chance, coincidence and several independent events, thoughts and tendencies seemed to have converged in the 1830s in New England. Some of these were: †¢ 1. The steady erosion of Calvinism. †¢ 2. The progressive secularization of modern thought under the impact of science and technology. †¢ 3. The emergence of a Unitarian intelligentsia with the means, leisure, and training to pursue literature and scholarship. †¢ 4. The increasing insipidity and irrelevance of liberal religion to questing young minds – lack of involvement in women’s rights and abolitionism. †¢ 5. The intrusion of the machine into the New England garden and the disruption of the old order by the burgeoning industrialism. †¢ 6. The impact of European ideas on Americans traveling abroad. †¢ 7. The appearance of talented and energetic young people like Emerson, Fuller, and Thoreau on the scene. †¢ 8. The imperatives of logic itself for those who take ideas seriously – the impossibility, for instance, of accepting modern science without revising traditional religious views. Important ideas from: Warren, Robert Penn, Cleanth Brooks, and R. W. B. Lewis. â€Å"A National Literature and Romantic Individualism. † in Romanticism. eds. James Barbour and Thomas Quirk. NY: Garland, 1986, 3-24. 1. Transcendentalism was a philosophical, literary, social, and theological movement. 2. Its origin is traced to the relaxing of Puritan Calvinism into Unitarianism – a belief very much like Deism. From its early liberalism, Unitarianism developed, for some of the young intellectuals, into â€Å"a new orthodoxy of smug social conformity that denied the spiritual and emotional depths of experience – ‘corpse-cold Unitarianism,’ as Emerson was to call it. † (11) 3. German and English Romanticism provided some inspiration towards the search for some deeper ‘truth. ‘ 4. â€Å"Transcendentalism represented a complex response to the democratization of American life, to the rise of science and the new technology, and to the new industrialism – to the whole question, in short, of the redefinition of the relation of man to nature and to other men that was being demanded by the course of history. † (11-12) 5. Influences: a. From Plato came the idealism according to which reality subsists beyond the appearances of the world. Plato also suggests that the world is an expression of spirit, or mind, which is sheer intelligibility and therefore good. b. From Immanuel Kant came the notion of the ‘native spontaneity of the human mind’ against the passive conception of the 18th c. sensational theory (also known as the philosophy of empiricism of John Locke and David Hume; the concept that the mind begins as a tabula rasa and that all knowledge develops from sensation). c. From Coleridge came the importance of wonder, of antirationalism, and the importance of individual consciousness. d. From Puritanism came the ethical seriousness and the aspect of Jonathan Edwards that suggested that an individual can receive divine light immediately and directly. 6. â€Å"Transcendentalism was, at its core, a philosophy of naked individualism, aimed at the creation of the new American, the self-reliant man, complete and independent. † (22) 7. â€Å"The achievement of the transcendentalists has a grandeur. They did confront, and helped define, the great issues of their time, and if they did not resolve those issues, we of the late twentieth century, who have not yet resolved them, are in no position to look down our noses at their effort. † (23) Towards a Definition of Transcendentalism: A Few Comments: from Henry David Gray, Emerson: A Statement of N. E. Transcendentalism as Expressed in the Philosophy of Its Chief Exponent, 1917 1. â€Å"The spirit of the time is in every form a protest against usage and a search for principles. † – Emerson in the opening number of The Dial. 2. â€Å"I was given to understand that whatever was unintelligible would be certainly Transcendental. † – Charles Dickens in American Notes 3. â€Å"I should have told them at once that I was a transcendentalist. That would have been the shortest way of telling them that they would not understand my explanations. † – Thoreau, Journal, V:4 4. â€Å"The word Transcendentalism, as used at the present day, has two applications. One of which is popular and indefinite, the other, philosophical and precise. In the former sense it describes man, rather than opinions, since it is freely extended to those who hold opinions, not only diverse from each other, but directly opposed. † – Noah Porter, 1842 5. Transcendentalism is the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining a scientific knowledge of an order of existence transcending the reach of the senses, and of which we can have no sensible experience. † – J. A. Saxton, Dial II: 90 6. â€Å"Literally a passing beyond all media in the approach to the Deity, Transcendentalism contained an effort to establish, mainly by the discipline of the intuitive faculty, direct intercourse between the soul and God. † – Charles J. Woodbury in Talks with Ralph Waldo Emerson 7. â€Å"Transcendentalism was not †¦ speculative, but essentially practical and reformatory. † – John Orr in â€Å"The Transcendentalism of New England,† International Review, XIII: 390 8. â€Å"Transcendentalism was a distinct philosophical system. Practically it was an assertion of the inalienable worth of man; theoretically it was an assertion of the immanence of divinity in instinct, the transference of supernatural attributes to the natural constitution of mankind. †¦ Transcendentalism is usually spoken of as a philosophy. It is more justly regarded as a gospel. As a philosophy it is †¦ so far from uniform, that it may rather be considered several systems than one. †¦ Transcendentalism was †¦ an enthusiasm, a wave of sentiment, a breath of mind. † – O. B. Frothingham in Transcendentalism in New England, 1876 9. â€Å"The problem of transcendental philosophy is no less than this, to revise the experience of mankind and try its teachings by the nature of mankind, to test ethics by conscience, science by reason; to try the creeds of the churches, the constitution of the states, by the constitution of the universe. † – Theodore Parker in Works VI: 37 10. â€Å"We feel it to be a solemn duty to warn our readers, and in our measure, the public, against this German atheism, which the spirit of darkness is employing ministers of the gospel to smuggle in among us under false pretenses. † Princeton Review XII: 71 11. â€Å"Protestantism ends in Transcendentalism. † – Orestes Brownson in Works, 209 12. â€Å"The fundamentals of Transcendentalism are to be felt as sentiments, or grasped by the imagination as poetical wholes, rather than set down in propositions. † – Cabot, A Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1887, I: 248 13. â€Å"First and foremost, it can only be rightly conceived as an intellectual, aesthetic, and spiritual ferment, not a strictly reasoned doctrine. It was a renaissance of conscious, living faith in the power of reason, in the reality of spiritual insight, in the privilege, beauty, and glory of life. † – Frances Tiffany, â€Å"Transcendentalism: The New England Renaissance,† Unitarian Review, XXXI: 111. 14. â€Å"The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connection of spiritual doctrine. †¦ If there is anything grand or daring in human thought or virtue, any reliance on the vast, the unknown; any presentiment, any extravagance of faith, the spiritualist adopts it as most in nature. The oriental mind has always tended to this largeness. Buddhism is an expression of it. The Buddhist †¦ is a Transcendentalist. †¦ Shall we say then that Transcendentalism is the Saturnalia or excess of Faith; the presentiment of a faith proper to man in his integrity, excessive only when his imperfect obedience hinders the satisfaction of his wish? † – Ralph Waldo Emerson’s lecture on â€Å"The Transcendentalist,† Works I: 317-320 15. â€Å"(Transcendentalism was) a blending of Platonic metaphysics and the Puritan spirit, of a philosophy and a character †¦ taking place at a definite time, in a specially fertilized soil, under particular conditions. † – H. C. Goddard, Studies in New England Transcendentalism, 1908. 16. â€Å"If I were a Bostonian, I think I would be a Transcendentalist. † – Charles Dickens in American Notes.

The effects plastic surgery has on todays youth Essay

The effects plastic surgery has on todays youth - Essay Example Sweeney has used various styles/techniques and rhetoric strategies to achieve her goal. These include appeals, cause and effect analysis, comparison and contrast, narration, description, statistics and argumentation. Evidently, she chose these strategies in order to make her point as rational and as convincing as possible to her audience, many of whom have opted for cosmetic surgery out of unhealthy motivations. She begins her essay with a narration, giving an account of Kristen who underwent cosmetic surgery at 15 to make her breasts bigger and how it has given her much confidence (Sweetney E3). By using this technique, Sweeney immediately establishes the entire essay as informal piece. This is a powerful way of capturing the attention of readers. By mentioning that this was done with the help of parents, she lightens up the mood of teenagers. Sweeney also used this technique as important background information on two important points. First, she explains that many teenagers below 18 are opting for cosmetic surgery out of unjustifiable motivations. Through this narration, she reveals that these youngsters are simply using cosmetic surgery to rush biological processes before their time is due such as having big breasts to feel like a woman when in fact they are young and have not reached puberty. She also uses this to explain that some youngsters are driven by obsession with the celebrity culture and similar actions of closer relatives. Secondly, Sweeney uses this technique to communicate the major reason driving teenagers to seek cosmetic surgery, that is, self-esteem. The youth do it to feel â€Å"normal† or to â€Å"fit in.† To convince the audience that the rise in the number of youths going for surgeries is rising crazily, Sweeney goes ahead to give statistics of the numbers of youths going for cosmetic surgery over a ten year period,

Simulation of low vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Simulation of low vision - Essay Example Visual performance may be affected. A person with low vision can use her reduced vision for learning about the world and for planning and doing tasks that need vision† (Low Vision, 2008). The IDEA Amendments of 1997 have yet another definition. They define children with visual impairment as those who have â€Å"visual impairments which even with correction, adversely effects†¦ educational performance.† 1. Generalization of skills: Many students with visual impairments may exhibit difficulty transferring skills acquired in one context to anther. It is important that instruction takes place in natural contexts and at appropriate times so the students internalizes meaning to the task. 2. Concrete versus abstracts learning: some students with visual impairments require hands-on learning experiences through their educational program in order to make sense of concepts and strategies for instructions that are more abstract. Often, the only way that students can learn new skills is through repetitive learning. For example, students who have visual impairments and exhibit cognitive delays may be taught a specific route to the cafeteria. Any change in route may confuse the student. 3. Attention span and distractibility: when initiating instructional programs for students who have visual impairments and other disabilities, the teacher must determine how long a student can attend to a specific task with and without supervision. Also, the environment is an influence on the student’s ability to stay on task and to maintain appropriate behavior. Many students with visual impairments are distracted by loud noises. Examples include the hum of fluorescent lights, a visually cultured classroom, and verbal communication by others in the same environment. They require auditory, tactical, or visual cues to anticipate the transition from one activity to the next. 4. Auditory versus visual learning: most students with visual impairments

Nosferatu and Twilight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nosferatu and Twilight - Essay Example Gender roles have been discriminated in these films have been discriminated in the film. However, the contemporary vampire films also portray gender discrimination. Although female gender roles have evolved throughout vampire tales the contemporary vampire tales, Twilight, continues to reinforce the stereotypical representation of gender roles. In the nineteenth-century role of women have been challenged in the different literature, however, the similar concepts still continue to be a part of contemporary vampire films. The main focus of this paper is to analyze the reinforcement of stereotypical gender roles. In order to determine the gender roles in vampire films, the female characters of Nosferatu and Twilight are  analyzed. The role of female in the nineteenth century of the film Nosferatu (Mina Harker) has been compared with the contemporary female character of Twilight (Twilight). The character of Bella Swan of twilight does not portray stereotypes gender roles of man and women characters. Bella Swan is totally dependent on her boyfriend Edward Cullen. She can go to any extent to have Edward in her life, even to give away her life and become a vampire for Edward. The several feminist scholars have criticized Bella as it represents gender stereotype. Edward is mesmerized in love of Edward; she is a submissive woman who can sacrifice anything to have her vampire boyfriend, even without her werewolf admirer. Bell turns down everything in her life just to ensure that Edward is around her. She jumps off a cliff, disobeys her father and is extremely hopeless without Edward (Bella Not the Role Model). It reflects that the character of Bella Swan demonstrates the similar stereotype gender role of a woman in a society (Bella Not the Role Model). The character illustrates that a woman becomes hopeless in her life, as she is ready to make every extend in her life, Bella is stubborn and does not have control on her emotions due to which she is

An advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An advertisement - Essay Example The predominantly blue background, symbolizing a blue paper has lightening hue from darker shade at the top portion to lighter shade at the bottom. Thus, the white background representing the magazine page was seen to contain a supposedly sheared and crumpled blue paper symbolizing a perfectly slim image effectively complements the orange color of the product. The ad actually elicited enhanced audience appeal in terms of being intrigued and wanting to find out more about the product from the way the ad is presented. As such, the audience would find out greater details from the text and from the product label. However, since the presentation tends to be exhibited more on a formal structure, due to the absence of any model or celebrity to endorse it, it has tendencies to exclude luring appeal from the younger population. The product is the main thrust and focus in the ad: being at the center of the print ad and where the product image occupies more than 50% of the page. Thus, the product is obvious and easily detected. In addition, since its image is presented through the actual visual representation of the product, the appropriate product label that gives crucial information is effectively provided. There is a text message situated at the top-most portion of the page with large font and white in color over the blue background. Another smaller set of text messages is shown just above of the lid of the bottle in darker blue font. Plus, the printed page of magazine at the background could be seen as a typical full narrative page in black text and typical sized font on a predominantly white background. Finally, only the text from the product label could be seen in this ad. As above mentioned, the texts of the advertisements are diversely presented. The text at the topmost portion of the page says: ‘For a slimming feel’ which is typed in two different font sizes. The words ‘For a’ and ‘feel’ have the same white color and size; while

Biomimicry Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biomimicry Architecture - Essay Example From the essay it is clear that the increased demand for energy efficient buildings materials has necessitated need to turn to nature for solutions. It is undeniable architects, designers, and engineers are developing biomimicry architecture walls or skins through the same mechanism as the skins of various natural creatures and features to maintain and reduce energy wastage.   Nature provides the best source of ideas in architecture by enabling architects to develop skins that are ecologically friendly due to their unlimited advantages. Nature has many forms that can be referred to by architects to develop structures that are unique and efficient. Moreover, nature provides a solution to the energy problem that has been a major challenge in the construction industry for a long time. It has provided ideas on how the buildings can reduce energy usage and some of the importance of mimicking nature in reducing energy use in the following ways.According to the report findings the imitati on of natural structures provides an opportunity for the use of low energy sources, thus facilitating use of renewable sources. Most of the nature mimicking buildings are powered by solar energy, which is a renewable and eco-friendly source of energy to reduce the consumption of the electricity.  A good example of such a building is the All Season Tent Tower that has been constructed to imitate a volcano.

Doctoral statistical methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Doctoral statistical methods - Essay Example These involve observation of track behavior, responses and associate it with the sound trigger. However, the assessors may apply quantitative analyses to determine the experiences of the 33 women. Quantitative data are used when the factors being analyzed are countable (Chiang 2003). The results of which are extrapolated to draw general deductions on whole populations. These methods analyze and explain data in relation to a phenomenon; furthermore, it provides guidance in the presentation of data. The responses are studied for randomness and systematic sequences (Chiang 2003). The assessors correlate prenatal experiences with effects to sound by assessing the propensity to suckle in response to the most familiar readings. Consequently, the assessor must acknowledge the occurrences of sampling errors that may emanate from unique cases with the babies. These include the hearing ability, brain development, the general mood and appetite of the infant. Qualitative readings are represented scientifically in histograms, graphs and charts (Chiang 2003). However, quantifiable data are summarized to measure the correlation, variability and central tendencies. Merging of the two methods in a mixed approach provides a comprehensive answer that determines the responses of speech and language amidst

Reproductive Rights ( healthcare ethics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reproductive Rights ( healthcare ethics) - Essay Example though in the Moschetta case, the biological as well as gestational mother is one and the same, the custody of the child is denied her for that was not the intent with which she entered pregnancy. Having looked at the precedents, it is important to note that in the domain of reproductive rights, broad generalizations cannot be made. The rulings will have to be made on a case by case basis considering the legal and ethical complexities that such cases present. Course A: If John and Jane conclude that it is unfair to abandon the baby and decide to act as agreed in the contract, then Gina will play no subsequent role in all decisions related to the child. Common sense would dictate that the issue of gender reclassification should be postponed till puberty, which would allow the child to better cope with the impending confusion and distress. Course B: But, if John and Jane are no longer in the picture after the fourth month of gestation and Gina decides not to abort as per her religious instructions, then obviously, she will be the sole custodian and hence has all parental rights. But there is another important factor to be taken into account – the mode of settlement. If both parties (John & Jane on the one hand and Gina on the other) amicably agree to dissolve the contract, then Course B will play itself out. Even if the disagreement escalates into a lawsuit, Course B is the only likely outcome. In the latter scenario, Gina will in all likelihood have her medical expenses covered during the gestation period. The fact that the pregnancy is in the fourth month (second trimester) makes abortion an unreasonable option. An abortion at this stage is painful for both mother and fetus. Irrespective of whether life begins at birth or at conception, the mere fact that the life of the mother will be jeopardized in a second trimester abortion is a strong ethical reason to not abort. As to the question of whether age should be a factor in Assisted Reproductive

Theory of the experiment Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theory of the experiment - Lab Report Example This can be said to be a compromise between the Class A amplifiers and the Class B amplifier topologies. These amplifiers combines the sound quality provided by the class A simplifiers and the efficiency provided by the Class B amplifiers. This is achieved by having both transistors biased to have them conduct a signal close to zero. Figure 1.3 shows a class AB amplifier and its associated input and output waveforms. When small signals are applied, both transistors will be active, making the amplifier to function like a Class A amplifier. When a large signal is applied, only one transistor becomes active. This makes the amplifier to operate like a Class B amplifier. Class AB speaker amplifiers gives a high SNR and a low THD+N. they are also about 65% efficient. These amplifiers are used in making portable media players, tablets, cameras, and so on where high fidelity is required.Class D amplifiersThese amplifiers use PWM (pulse width modulation) to produce a rail to rail output signa l. This signal has a variable duty cycle that is used to approximate the input signal which is analog in nature. These amplifiers are highly efficient and have an efficiency of about 90%. This is so because the output transistors used are fully turned on/off in a normal operating. Use of this approach eliminates the need to use the transistor’s linear region that brings in inefficiency in the other types of amplifiers. Figure 1.4 shows a basic class D amplifier and a possible waveform. Since this class of amplifier has a high efficiency.

SUMMARY OF Indolence of the Filipinos Essay Example for Free

SUMMARY OF Indolence of the Filipinos Essay The essay itself originally appeared in the Filipino forthrightly review, La Solidaridad, of Madrid, in five installments, running from July 15 to September 15, 1890. It was a continuation of Rizals campaign of education in which he sought by blunt truths to awaken his countrymen to their own faults at the same time that he was arousing the Spaniards to the defects in Spains colonial system that caused and continued such shortcomings. (Craig, 1913) PART 1 ï‚ § indolence – misused in the sense of little love for work and lack of energy ï‚ § indolence does exist among the Filipinos ï‚ § examine the causes based on facts before proposing a remedy ï‚ § climate – factor for being indolent o â€Å"A hot, climate requires of the individual quiet and rest, just as cold incites to labor and action. † o â€Å"A man can live in any climate, if he will only adapt himself to its requirements and conditions.† ï‚ § Working hours of Filipinos (tenants) vs. Spanish Official and Landlords ï‚ § Tendency to indolence is very natural. ï‚ § Effect of misgovernment PART 2 ï‚ § analogy of physician( friars, Spanish government) , patient(Philippines), illness (indolence) ï‚ § indolence as a chronic illness o â€Å"Indolence in the Philippines is a chronic malady, but not a hereditary one† Before the arrival of Spaniards, Malayan Filipinos raised on an active trade, not only among themselves but also with other neighboring countries (evidence that Filipinos were not indolent) ï‚ § an illness will worsen if the wrong treatment is given. ï‚ § â€Å"How is it that the Filipino people, so fond of its customs as to border on routine, has given up its ancient habits of work, of trade, of navigation, etc., even to the extent of completely forgetting its past?† PART 3 ï‚ § enumerates several reasons that may have caused the Filipinos cultural and economic corruption ï‚ § wars: conflict among Spaniards, natives and Moros ï‚ § invasion of Pirates o Results: diminished number of native Filipinos ï‚ § forced labor : Filipinos were sent abroad to fight for Spain or shipyards to construct vessels ï‚ § Some Filipinos hide in the forest and mountains and abandoned their farm lands (because of fear) ï‚ § â€Å"Still they struggled a long time against indolence, yes: but their enemies were so numerous that at last they gave up! PART 4 ï‚ §Ã¯â‚¬  Ã¯â€š  Ã¯â€š  Cut-off of trading ï‚ § Monopoly ï‚ § Abuse of land lords (ecnomenderos) o Permission to labor (KASAMA System) ï‚ § Absence of encouragement from the government o no aid for poor crops o does not seek market for its products ï‚ § Wrong teaching: o Why work? If the rich man will not go to heaven. o False teaching of church o Gambling – promise of sudden wealth ï‚ § Discrimination on education ï‚ § Spaniards insisted to Filipinos: o â€Å"The Filipino is convinced that to get happiness it is necessary for him to lay aside his dignity as a rational creature, to attend mass, to believe what is told him, to pay what is demanded of him, to pay and forever to pay; to work, suffer and be silent, without aspiring to anything, without aspiring to know or even to understand Spanish,without separating himself from his carabao, as the priests shamelessly say, without protesting against any injustice, against any arbitrary action, against an assault, against an insult; that is, not to have heart, brain or spirit: a creature with arms and a purse full of gold theres the ideal native!† ï‚ § Yet Filipinos still have inspirations, he thinks and strive to rise. PART 5 ï‚ § causes of indolence can be reduced to two factors(emerged from the people) o limited training and education of Filipino native †¢ developed inferiority o lack of a national sentiment of unity among them †¢ â€Å"A man in the Philippines is only an individual; he is not a member of a nation.† ï‚ § education and liberty is the key to solve this issue. The Indolence of the Filipinos: Analysis La Indolencia de los Filipinos, more popularly known in its English version, The Indolence of the Filipinos, is a exploratory essay written by Philippine national hero Dr. Jose Rizal, to explain the alleged idleness of his people during the Spanish colonization. SUMMARY. The Indolence of the Filipinos is a study of the causes why the people did not, as was said, work hard during the Spanish regime. Rizal pointed out that long before the coming of the Spaniards, the Filipinos were industrious and hardworking. The Spanish reign brought about a decline in economic activities because of certain causes: First, the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off all previous associations of the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East. As a result, businesswas only conducted with Spain through Mexico. Because of this, the small businessesand handicraft industries that flourished during the pre-Spanish period gradually disappeared. Second, Spain also extinguished the natives’ love of work because of the implementation of forced labor. Because of the wars between Spain and other countries in Europe as well as the Muslims in Mindanao, the Filipinos were compelled to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, abandoning agriculture, industry, and commerce. Third, Spain did not protect the people against foreign invaders and pirates. With no arms to defend themselves, the natives were killed, their houses burned, and their lands destroyed. As a result of this, the Filipinos were forced to become nomads, lost interest in cultivating their lands or in rebuilding the industries that were shut down, and simply became submissive to the mercy of God. Fourth, there was a crooked system of education, if it was to be considered aneducation. What was being taught in the schools were repetitive prayers and other things that could not be used by the students to lead the country to progress. There were no courses in Agriculture, Industry, etc., which were badly needed by thePhilippines during those times. Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad example to despise manual labor. The officials reported to work at noon and left early, all the while doing nothing in line with their duties. The women were seen constantly followed by servants who dressed them and fanned them – personal things which they ought to have done for themselves. Sixth, gambling was established and widely propagated during those times. Almost everyday there were cockfights, and during feast days, the government officials and friars were the first to engange in all sorts of bets and gambles. Seventh, there was a crooked system of religion. The friars taught the naà ¯ve Filipinos that it was easier for a poor man to enter heaven, and so they preferred not to work and remain poor so that they could easily enter heaven after they died. Lastly, the taxes were extremely high, so much so that a huge portion of what they earned went to the government or to the friars. When the object of their labor was removed and they were exploited, they were reduced to inaction. Rizal admitted that the Filipinos did not work so hard because they were wise enough to adjust themselves to the warm, tropical climate. â€Å"An hour’s work under that burning sun, in the midst of pernicious influences springing from nature in activity, is equal to a day’s labor in a temperate climate.† ANALYSIS It is important to note that indolence in the Philippines is a chronic malady, but not a hereditary one. Truth is, before the Spaniards arrived on these lands, the natives were industriously conducting business with China, Japan, Arabia, Malaysia, and other countries in the Middle East. The reasons for this said indolence were clearly stated in the essay, and were not based only on presumptions, but were grounded on fact taken from history. Another thing that we might add that had caused this indolence, is the lack of unity among the Filipino people. In the absence of unity and oneness, the people did not have the power to fight the hostile attacks of the government and of the other forces of society. There would also be no voice, no leader, to sow progress and to cultivate it, so that it may be reaped in due time. In such a condition, the Philippines remained a country that was lifeless, dead, simply existing and not living. As Rizal stated in conclusion, â€Å"a man in the Philippines is an individual; he is not merely a citizen of a country.† It can clearly be deduced from the writing that the cause of the indolence attributed to our race is Spain: When the Filipinos wanted to study and learn, there were no schools, and if there were any, they lacked sufficient resources and did not present more useful knowledge; when the Filipinos wanted to establish their businesses, there wasn’t enough capital nor protection from the government; when the Filipinos tried to cultivate their lands and establish various industries, they were made to pay enormous taxes and were exploited by the foreign rulers. It is not only the Philippines, but also other countries, that may be called indolent, depending on the criteria upon which such a label is based. Man cannot work without resting, and if in doing so he is considered lazy, they we could say that all men are indolent. One cannot blame a country that was deprived of its dignity, to have lost its will to continue building its foundation upon the backs of its people, especially when the fruits of their labor do not so much as reach their lips. When we spend our entire lives worshipping such a cruel and inhumane society, forced upon us by aliens who do not even know our motherland, we are destined to tire after a while. We are not fools, we are not puppets who simply do as we are commanded – we are human beings, who are motivated by our will towards the accomplishment of our objectives, and who strive for the preservation of our race. When this fundamental aspect of our existence is denied of us, who can blame us if we turn idle?

The Summary of Bhopal Disaster Essay Example for Free

The Summary of Bhopal Disaster Essay The Union Carbide plant was established in Bhopal in 1969 and it began to produce the insecticide Carbaryl. methyl isocanyte is an ingredient of carbaryl, and on the morning of December 3, 1984, a holding tank containing 43 tons of methyl isocyanate overheated and released the toxic gas. Because methyl isocyanate is heavier than air, it traveled over the ground through the Bhopal city center. The transportation system collapsed, and many people were trampled to death in a mad rush to flee the visible gases. In total, 15,000 people died and 150,000-600,000 people were injured. The contamination and deaths were a result of numerous factors: * Recent documents obtained through discovery in the course of a lawsuit against Union Carbide for environmental contamination (before a New York Federal District Court) revealed that Carbide had exported untested, unproven technology to the Indian plant. Unlike Union Carbide plants in the USA, its Indian subsidiary plants were not prepared for problems. No action plans had been established to cope with incidents of this magnitude. This included not informing local authorities of the dangers of chemicals used and manufactured at Bhopal. * Reports issued months before the incident by scientists within the Union Carbide corporation warned of the possibility of an accident almost identical to that which occurred in Bhopal. The reports were ignored outright and never made it to senior staff. Due to falling sales, staff had been laid off and safety checks became less and less frequent. * Slip-blind plates that would have prevented water from pipes being cleaned from leaking into the MIC tanks via faulty valves were not installed. Their installation had been omitted from the cleaning checklist. * At the time of the event, the MIC tank refrigeration unit was disabled to save money, and some of its coolant was being used elsewhere. A simple press of a button in the control room would have activated it to at least use the remaining coolant, but this was overlooked by staff. * The gas scrubber was placed on standby, and therefore did not attempt to clean escaping gases with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), which may have brought the concentration down to a safe level. The water curtain that may have reduced the concentration of the gas was only set to ~13 m and did not reach the gas; it was not designed to contain a leak of such magnitude. Though the audible external alarm was activated to warn the residents of Bhopal, it was quickly silenced to avoid causing panic among the residents. Thus, many continued to sleep, unaware of the unfolding drama, and those that had woken assumed any problem had been sorted out. The flare tower used to burn off gases before they are allowed to escape into the air was inoperational pending repairs. * Doctors and hospitals were not informed of proper treatment methods for MIC gas inhalation. They were told to simply give cough medicine and eyedrops to their patients. Union Carbide agreed to pay $470 million to the residents of Bhopal. That amount is lower than in the lawsuit and substantially lower than similar Asbestos cases Union Carbide was settling concurrently in the United States. By the end of October 2003, according to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, compensation had been awarded to 554,895 people for injuries received and 15,310 survivors of those killed. The average amount to families of the dead was $2,200. Union Carbide also attempted to distance itself from the tragedy by blaming its subsidiary in India and even fabricated stories about a Sikh extremist group and disgruntled former employees bent on sabotaging the plant. Health Effects Summary for MIC Immediate Health Effects   (0-6 months) * Ocular: Chemosis, redness, watering, ulcers, photophobia * Respiratory: Distress, pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, pneumothorax * Gastrointestinal: Persistent diarrhea, anorexia, persistent abdominal pain * Genetic: Increased chromosomal abnormalities * Psychological: Neuroses, anxiety states, adjustment reactions * Neurobehavioral: Impaired audio and visual memory, impaired vigilance attention and response time, Impaired reasoning and spatial ability, impaired psychomotor coordination Long-term Health Effects * Ocular: Persistent watering, corneal opacities, chronic conjunctivitis * Respiratory: Obstructive and restrictive airway disease, decreased lung function * Reproductive: Increased pregnancy loss, increased infant mortality, decreased placental/fetal weight * Genetic: Increased chromosomal abnormalities * Neurobehavioral: Impaired associate learning, motor speed, and precision

Brazilian Culture And Society

Brazilian Culture And Society The Portuguese populated Brazil in 16th century introduce African slaves to the nation. Further European, Asian, Middle Eastern group have departured established in this country. The native Guarani and Tupi citizens are also included in the people as well. In the present day Brazil has a relatively different background ethnicity too. As seen the language used by Brazilians quite varies. Brazilian Language Brazil Culture Society: Brazilian Multiplicity: Brazil is a blend of race ethnicities, resultant in prosperous multiplicity. Numerous unique Portuguese settlers wedded local women, which formed a original race, call mestizos who be descendents of the Portuguese African slaves. Slavery was abolished in 1888, created over instance an additional blur of cultural outline. Brazilian had intermarried to the tip that it at times seem too approximately everybody has a blend of African, European resident parentage. Brazilians Family unit ethics: The family is base of societal construction form the foundation of constancy for most citizens. Family tends to be big and the wide-range family is relatively close. The individual derive a social network support in era of necessitate from the family. Discrimination is considered as an optimistic thing while it implies that by employing individual one knows trust is of prime importance. The Brazilians Class System: In spite of mixing of ethnicities here is a class system in Brazil. The minority Brazilians possibly will describe as racially prejudiced even though community unfairness on the base of outer covering color is every day happening. On the whole group of darker brown skin people are economically and socially underprivileged. The Middle as well as Upper class groups frequently has only make short contact with the Lower class groups i.e. typically drivers, maids etc. Lower Class is resolute by economic status as well as skin color. There is an immense differentiation in earnings differential so the lifestyle social aspiration amongst the different classes. Even though women being 40% of the Brazilians workforce they are only found in lower salaried job i.e. Teaching, Nursing Administrative support. In 1988 establishment prohibit preferential treatment not in the favor of womens but inequality still continue living. The one place where women have achieved e quality is in government. Etiquettes and Customs in Brazil Meeting Etiquette: Men shake hands while greeting one another and maintain stable eye contact. Women in general kiss each other initiate with the left and irregular cheeks. Hug Backslapping are ordinary greetings among Brazilians friends. And in case if a woman desires to shake hands with a man then she needs to extend her hand initially. Gift Giving Etiquettes: If invited at Brazilians residence, get the hostess flowers or can even get a small gift. Orchids are considered to be one of the best gifts but always avoid the purple ones. Keep away from giving anything that is black or purple as these are sorrow colors. Even handkerchiefs are associated with funeral so it does not make good gift. Dining Etiquette: whenever you are invited to a Brazilians residence arrive at least 30 minutes before the given time for dinner where in there is a party or gathering arrive atleast 1hr late. They dress-up with a style judge others on their looks. Always dress sophisticatedly and go wrong on the side of over-dressing instead for under- dressing. If you dont get a gift to the hostess then too next day flowers are always appreciated. Business Etiquettes and Protocol in Brazil Communication Relationships: Brazilians need to understand as in how they are doing business with before they work successfully. Brazilians are in favor of personal meetings to written communication as it helps them to understand the individual with whom they do business. The personality they deal with is more significant than the company. As this is a group culture so it is important that you do nothing to disgrace a Brazilian. Criticizing an individual personality makes the person to lose face with in front of others in meeting. The one who makes the criticism also loses face as someone has disrespected the unwritten rule. Communication is at times informal does not depend on strict rules of protocol. Anybody who feels that he/she has something to say will normally add their view. It is considered good enough to disturb someone who is doing verbal communication. Here head to head verbal communication is favored over the on paper communication. But at the similar time when it comes to business agreement Brazilians claim on drawing up detailed legal contracts. Business Negotiation: Brazilians are more satisfied doing business with the people company they already know. Wait for your Brazilian colleagues to move up the business matter. Never rush the relationship- building occasion. Brazilians take time when there is a chance of negotiation. Do not rush them or seem to be annoyed. Expect an immense deal of time to be exhausted review information. It often happens that the people with whom you negotiate with will not have supervisory authority. It is always sensible to appoint a translator if youre Portuguese is not smooth. Use local lawyer accountant for discussions. Brazilians resent an external legal presence. Brazilians business is hierarchical. Decisions are always made by the highest-ranking individual. Brazilians discuss with people not with company. Never change the negotiation team you have choose before or you will have to start it all again from the beginning. Business Meeting Etiquettes: Business activities are essential can frequently be listed on short notice however it is considered best to make them in advance by two to three weeks. Authenticate the meeting in written. It is not unusual for the appointments to get cancelled or altered at the end moment. In Brasilia Sao Paulo it is very essential to arrive on time for meetings. Where as in Rio de Janeiro other cities it is appropriate if u arrive a bit late in meeting. Do not seem to be irritated if you are kept waiting. Brazilians perceive time as something outside their control demands of relationships takes priority over adhere to a strict schedule. Meetings are in general rather informal. Expect to be interrupted whereas you are talking or making a presentation even avoid confrontation. Never appear to be frustrated in front of your Brazilian colleagues. Dress Etiquettes: Brazilians feel pride on themselves by dressing well. Men should always wear conventional, dark colored business suit. As the three-piece suit typically indicate that someone is a director. Women should always wear suits or dresses which look elegant feminine with fine quality of accessories. Manicures are always expected. Business Cards: Business cards are always exchanged during introduction with each one at a meeting. It is sensible to have the additional business card which is being translated into Portuguese. Present the business card with the Portuguese side facing the beneficiary. Social issues in Brazil Poverty: Poverty in Brazil is on the whole visually represented by various faceless, slums in the countries urban areas remote upcountry region that undergo through economic underdevelopment below similar standard of living. An attempt to lessen these problems is the Fome Zero hunger-eradication program [2]implemented by the President Luiz Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva in the year 2003. Part of this is Bolsa Famà ­lia a most important anti-poverty program which provides money directly to the impoverished families to keep their kids in schools. The Government of Lulas compact the poverty rate by 19.8% based on labour income during the year June 2002 June 2006 according to Fundaà §Ãƒ £o Getà ºlio Vargas. In the year June 2006, 18.57% was rate of depression of inhabitants. The rate of poverty is in division credited to the countries economic differences. In the Gini coefficient index Brazil ranks 49.3% with the richest 10% of Brazilians receiving 42.7% of the nations earnings while the poorest 10% obtain less than 1.2% only. In the Gini coefficient index of inequality assessment Brazil ranks worlds highest. A study on the subject show that the poor part constitute approximately one third of the population the extremely poor make out about 13% 2005 figures. However the same study shows the income growth of the poorest 20% inhabitants segment to be almost in equality with China where as the richest 10% are stagnate. Reduction: Brazil might achieve social indicator similar to that of developed nations by 2016 if the country is capable enough to maintain the similar rate of reduction of intense poverty income disparity as recorded in the year 2003 to 2008. By the similar token the country may record an absolute shortage rate of 4%. The information was taken from a file issued by The Institute of Applied Economic Research linked to Secretariat of Strategic Affairs of the Presidency of the Republic. Public is considered exceptionally poor who earn up to 25% of one minimum wage for each month whereas the utterly poor earn up to 50% of one minimum wage for each month. If we make a projection of the finest performance lately recorded in Brazil in terms of poverty inequality reduction 2003-2008 period to the year of 2016 the result would be a very optimistic social viewpoint. Brazil may practically overcome the problem of intense poverty as well as accomplish a national total poverty rate of only 4% w hich means its near-eradication, the article states. The mass of the advancement achieve by Brazil in fighting poverty inequality is moreover directly or indirectly connected to the structuring of public policies of social intervention provided for in the federal constitution of 1988. The Ipea even points out three additional important factors to combating poverty inequality they are: Increase in social expenditure in the country which went from 19% of the Gross Domestic Product in 1990 to 21.9% of the GDP in 2005. Delegation of social policy with an inclusive role played by municipalities in the implementation of social policies as their contribution of social expenses rose 53.8% from the year 1980 to 2008. Social participation in the formatting management of social policies. According to the institution the institutional consolidation of the framework of social laws in Brazil would be a significant step towards maintaining in coming years the brawl against scarcity disparity in the country. It is essential that a new law be passed regulating social responsibility assure with funds, goals, coordination timetable .So that Brazil may attain social indicator alike to those presently seen in urban country. All of that must obviously obtain place with no backlash in conditions of contribution of society in the monitoring, formatting control of public policies. The Brazil Federal Government has also implemented expanded major subsidy programs in last few years such as Fome zero bolsa familia. It is for families deemed to be in the need of help support. Brazil has severe trouble with offence. It is roughly 23.8 homicides for each 1,00,000 inhabitants, muggings, robbery, kidnapping gang aggression are very common. Police brutality corruption are common. In response to all this the Brazilian Government established The National Public Security in June 2004 by the ministry of justice to do something in situation of urgent situation in times of disaster. CULTURAL ASPECT Heritage: In Brazil the National Institute for Historic and Artistic Heritage1 keeps documentation of buildings certified as historic urban centers, structures condominiums, archaeological sites, over one million stuff including a cinematographic, a thousand bibliographic volumes, musicological collection, archival documentation, video graphic records photographic in addition to that the Worldwide Heritage. The Iphan classify the Cultural Heritage of Brazil into two groups: Intangible Heritage: It is the one whose representation, information, practices, expressions techniques, items, artifacts, instruments sites are acknowledged by the community as an essential part of their cultural heritage. It is agreed on from age group to age group it is continuously recreated by community based on their surroundings i.e. communication with nature history. This procedure generates a feeling of individuality continuity. The Brazilian catalogue of intangible assets includes the Samba Centers in Rio de Janeiro ,the feasts Cà ­rio de Nossa Senhora de Nazarà ©, Frevo (Dance), Feira de Caruaru, the handicraft form of preparing the Minas Cheese ,Capoeira (Martial Art). Tangible Heritage: It comprises of the combination of cultural assets classified in accordance to their nature in the four Books of Certified Historic structure:- Applied arts and archaeology Historic Landscape and ethnography. Fine arts. The material assets comprises of the Architectural combination of historic cities:- Ouro Preto (MG) Paraty (RJ) Olinda (PE) Grutas do Lago Azul and Nossa Senhora Aparecida (Bonito MS) The Corcovado (Rio de Janeiro RJ) Sà £o Luà ­s (MA) landscapes such as Lenà §Ãƒ ³is (BA) Serra do Curral (Belo Horizonte MG). Literature Brazils poetry, drama fiction account for about partially the literary output of Latin America planned by the amount of title of individual books. Bookish advancement in Brazil approximately follows the countries most important chronological period characterize frequently by writing in the Baroque Arcadian styles The National Period since 1822. Many prominent writers of the Colonial Period were Jesuits who got fascinated by the new land its native inhabitants. Writers Year Creation Gregà ³rio de Matos 1623 to1696 Poetry layered on lyricism and mysticism Josà © de Alencar 1829 to 1877 Iracema about Indians, O Guarani, a historical novel, and novels on regional, social, and urgan affairs Castro Alves 1847 to 1871 Wrote about African slaves Gonà §alves Dias 1823 to 1864 Who wrote about Indians Tomà ¡s Antà ´nio Gonzaga 1744 to 1810 Lyric and epic poems Raimundo Correa 1860 to 1911 Parnassian triad Manuel Antà ´nio de Almeida 1831 to 1861 Initiating picaresque literature in Brazil Joaquim Manuel de Macedo 1820 to 1882 A Moreninha, a popular story Alfredo dEscragnolle Taunay 1843 to 1899 Inocà ªncia Olavo Billac 1865 to 1918 Parnassian triad The prose of Euclides da Cunha 1866-1908 was committed to be a Brazilian literature portrays social realities. Machado de Assis 1839-1908 widely acclaim as the greatest Brazilian novelist of 19th century. Machado de Assis was unique because of the universality of his novel essays is considered one of the most vital influential writers of fiction in Brazil. In the beginning of the 20th century innovative state of mind imbued Brazilian artists culminating in the celebration in Sà £o Paulo of The 1922 Week of Modern Art held. These new way thoughts propelled an artistic revolution that appealed to the feelings of pride for national ancestry, folklore history. The leader of the literary phase was Mà ¡rio de Andrade from 1893-1945 who wrote Brazilian folklore, poems, fine art, essay on literature, melody Macunaà ­ma which he named rhapsody not a novel. The writer Oswald de Andrade from 1890-1953 wrote a collection of poetries entitled Pau-Brazil which assess Brazil culture, superstition, first time in Brazilian poems with hilarity. Jorge Amado first novelist who translated into 33 languages were heavily prejudiced by his belief in Marxist thoughts concentrated on the suffering of workforce on the cocoa plantation which had received worldwide approval. There are few other significant Brazilian writers. They are as follows: Gilberto Freyre from the year 1900 to1987 is author of Casa Grande Senzala i.e. The Masters and The Slaves. It is a perceptive learning of Brazilian society. Joà £o Cabral de Melo Neto the best known Brazilian poets. His poems are sober ,he also uses terms with the precision in building material. Vinicius de Moraes known worldwide from the year 1913to1980. His poems became part parcel of the bossa nova musical movement which is produced to be a new style of samba the classically Brazilian beat. And also wrote play i.e. Orfeu da Canceicao, it became internationally famous as film Black Orpheus. List of Poet Novelist who are Living or Recently Deceased: Living or recently deceased novelist Living or recently deceased poet Orà ­genes Lessa Raul Bopp Adonias Filho Murilo Mendes Érico Verà ­ssimo Augusto Frederico Dinah Silveira de Queiroz Schmidt Lygia Fagundes Telles Mà ¡rio Quintana Herberto Sales Cassiano Ricardo Rubem Fonseca Jorge de Lima Clarice Lispector Ferreira Gullar Dalton Trevisan Cecà ­lia Meireles Nà ©lida Pià ±on Augusto de Campos Osman Lins Haroldo de C Paulo Coelho Moacir Scliar Music Brazils origins the Indians with red flutes Portuguese with singers viola players, and the Africans with their many thrilling rhythms make it a musical country. From the classical compositions of Villa-Lobos, to the soft sounds of bossa nova to the driving beat of samba, Brazil has developed music of striking sophistication, quality, and diversity. The Jesuits made use of the music to catechize the Indians by replacing the original words with religious ones using the Tupi language. They also introduced the Gregorian chant and taught the flute, bow instruments, and the clavichord. Music accompanied the sacramental ceremonies which were performed in village and church plazas. Dance called Lundu used by Negro slaves is considered to be one of the most importan. It was one of the popular musical forms it was even sung in the Portuguese C musicourt. In the second half of the l8th century during the 19th century the sentimental love song called the modinha was popular it was sung both in Brazils salons. By the end of the century, Carlos Gomes from the year 1836 to 1896 produced a number of operas in the existing Italian fashion especially Il Guarany an opera ease on a well-known Brazilian novel by Josà © de Alencar. The first Brazilian composer Brasà ­lio Itiberà ª from the year 1848 to 1913 was to use a well-liked national motif in erudite music. In the year 1869 he composed A Sertaneja which was played by Franz Liszt has remained active in the piano repertoire. Brazils popular music developed similar to the classical music it also united traditional European instruments guitar, piano flute with a whole rhythm part of sound produced by frying pan, tiny barrels with a membrane a stick inside that make wheezing sounds tambourines. In the period of 1930 popular Brazilian music played on radio became powerful means of mass communication. The best composers of the period 1903 to 2963 were: Noel Rosa Lamartine Babo Ary Barroso In the year 1968 during the period of autocracy, urban guerrillas anxiety of about how to alter the political structure. The Tropicalists appear Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil Gal Costa. Tropicalism is described as a combination of national rhythms along with international music. He has his own creations and they are Lyrical, intellectual with faster tempos fuller rhythms than bossa nova. Brazils popular regional music includes the forrà ³ from northeast region where the accordion the flute join guitars percussion in a foot-stomping countryside dance. The frevo also from the northeast region which has a lively simple style. the chorinho from Rio which combines various type size of guitar, flutes, percussions an occasional clarinet or saxophone in a tender form of instrumental music international successful lambada. Lambada dance got its name from Portuguese. Labana is a sensual fast paced dance form; it is named out of a Portuguese verb which means to whip or flog which means smacking of the thigh alongside another thigh. Samba is one of the most seductive and popular rhythm of Brazil. The exact origin of samba is still a mystery. It is still said that samba has originate in the streets of Rio de Janeiro and it also had the contribution from various other cultures such as Portuguese nation songs, African tunes, and one of the Indian fast footwork. It is believed that samba is just an African origin and that it is evolve from the batuque, it is a music based done by beating instruments and hand clapping. Now a days Brazilian music had become popular is exploring new rhythms melodies. Its interpreters and composer use all possible sources to grab different kinds of music in the Brazilian songs so as to make Brazilian music more famous and popular to its world audience. Some of its famous performers are as under: Maria Bethania. Alcione Roberto Carlos. Cazuza, Ney Matogrosso Rita Lee Milton Nascimento Hermeto Pascoal Fafà ¡ de Belà ©m Chità £ozinho and Chororà ³ Elba Ramalho Alceu Valenà §a Luiz Gonzaga Luiz Gonzaga Jr. Joà £o Bosco Djavan Ivan Lins Marisa Monte Elis Regina. brazilian music ARTIST ARE PERFORMING A DANCE ON BRAZILLIAN MUSIC

White Bread Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive

White Bread The plastic wrapper of a loaf of Wonderbread’s D’Italiano white bread is colored brightly with the primary colors one associates with childhood and kindergarten playroom activities. The swirling script lettering of the word D’Italiano makes the bread seem somehow more special than bread packaged with ordinary block lettering. On both ends of the shiny, clear wrapper, boldly colored round dots resembling bright balloons are arranged upon a blazing red background, conveying the joy and happiness the bread would bring to any sandwich and my fifteen-year-old life. Once, the bread represented a hopefulness and freshness that I hoped my life would someday acquire. However, the bread also served as a painful reminder of the dismal nature of our empty, barely paid for apartment that my single mother, sister, and I shared. The bread symbolized both the good and bad aspects of that particularly intense period: on the one hand, the potential to be just like any other kid my age, but on the other, all the things our small family lacked and my inadequacy at being what I considered normal. Growing up in New Jersey, my sister and I were raised without a father in the house throughout most of our childhood. My uneducated mother always held at least two jobs to provide the barest essentials such as a roof over our heads and food in the kitchen. She was usually employed as a waitress or bartender, which meant late hours for her and a lot of time alone for my sister and me. During my early teenage years, I remember coming home from school on most days with a teenager’s typically ravenous appetite. However, I usually found our kitchen disappointingly void of any kind of snack food. Although the refrigerator contained mai... ...sister’s lovely face greeting me at the terminal gate, all my negative thoughts vanished, and I raced to hug her. During the visit, my mother and I went grocery shopping together at the same store I had frequented as a young teenager. The excursion seemed mostly uneventful until I spied the loaves of D’Italiano bread piled atop the shelves in the bread aisle. For a moment, I was transported back to that empty apartment where I had endured the most unhappy times of my childhood. The irony of the situation was that I was reliving the past while standing with my mother. She picked up a loaf and tossed it into the cart unaware of the profound effect the bread had on me. She turned to me and said, â€Å"You said you were hungry. Would you like me to fix you a tuna sandwich when we get home?† Stunned, I could only reply, â€Å"Yes, that would be fine,† and we moved on.

Importance of the Setting in Uncle Toms Cabin :: Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

Importance of the Setting in Uncle Tom's Cabin The book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was obviously a novel where the setting was the major factor in the plot of the story. If this had taken place in any other area, like Canada, there would not have even been as story because slavery did not exist there. Therefore the South was the prime region to have this plot revolve around. Everything contained here contributed to the actions of the characters, which will be explained in the following paragraphs. The setting was such an important influence because, like I said before, it took place down in the South. This is where slavery was at its peak and was used and abused by almost every citizen. The black race was treated harshly just because of their color. They were beaten, over-worked, and disrespected. Most of them were illiterate as well which did not help one bit. In turn they could not make intelligent decisions, better yet pursue what they wanted. Even if they had that ability though, that option was not available because they were "black". The details of the setting that influenced the actions of the characters were, again, the time period and where it took place. However this was not the only thing that persuaded the characters because they influenced each other. The citizens followed the crowd and did not have their own opinions. If some person's idea differed from that of the majority, he/she would not dare speak up because they feared rejection. Legree was one of the people looked up to and respected even though what he was dong was totally wrong. Since he had power and money though, he was admired. The only three people that actually did take a stand, if you will, were George Shelby Jr., Augustine St. Clare, and his daughter, Evangeline. These three characters opposed slavery and tried to do something about it. (Unfortunately, though, the St. Clare's efforts were diminished because they both died). They were the citizens that should have been looked up to and followed. Specific examples that show the setting's influence on the characters were all over the book. The next three excerpts will give you an illustration of them.

The Industrial Revolutions: The effects on Europe and the World :: European Europe History

The Industrial Revolutions: The effects on Europe and the World The Industrial Revolution affected life in Europe during the 19th century very greatly. Cities in Great Britain were growing rapidly, this was known as urbanization. Many cities such as Glasgow and Berlin more than doubled in size. The Industrial Revolution was having a positive affect on Great Britain. From the outpour of people into cities looking for work, things were so rapidly paced that there was no order in these cities. Unsanitary and unsafe buildings were being built all over to home all of the workers. There was less than adequate education and police protection for the ever-growing population. Many people had to live in shelters due to the lack of housing; many families lived in a single room. Many people died of cholera from the poor living and working conditions. The main goal that factory owners wanted was to keep their production a constant, working for the better part of a day. Since the owners wanted to save as much money as possible, the factories were rarely cleaned or well lit. Coalmines posed the biggest danger from the constant inhalation of coal dust and the collapse of the mines. Workers had a life expectancy 10 years less than of another worker. Even though the Industrial revolution brought problems to life quickly, through the long run a number of positive effects arose. It provided jobs for workers and it aided in technological progress and invention. It raised the standard of living from increased production of good and it in the improvement in people's lives. Better housing and cheaper mass-produced clothing helped people become healthier. From the strong demand of engineer's and professional workers, education became very profuse. For the lower class workers of the Industrial Revolution, their life slowly but surely improved during the 19th century, through earning higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions.

Analysis of Ryanair

Summary Ryanair, one of the most famous low cost airlines, attracts attentions from people and researchers all over the world. As the financial crisis and the European debt crisis have an obvious negative influence on the global economy, the aircraft industry has experienced some decline for the last few years. However, both the sales and profits of Ryanair have increased during this period. In this essay, we will first analyse the external environment of Ryanair by using PESTEL Analysis Model.Then we will make an in-depth analysis about its strategic capability by SWOT model (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). In the following part, we will compare Ryanair with its biggest competitor easyJet and critically access the effectiveness of its cost focus strategy. Finally we will give a conclusion of the whole result of our research and give some suggestions for its future development. Introduction Ryanair was first established in 1985 by Christy Ryan, Tony Ryan and Liam L onergan.Its headquarters are located in Ireland, while its primary operational bases are at London Stansted Airports and Dublin. In 1989, Ryanair’s businesses saw a decline. At the same time, Tony Ryan persuaded his financial advisor to assume the CEO. Then, Ryanair began to learn experience from Southwest Airline, and was the first one to introduce the cheap air carriers and mode into Europe. Profitability of consecutive years has made Ryanair to become the most profitable airlines in the world. Findings and Analysis Environmental AnalysisPESTEL Model is used in this report to give an overview of the six different environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. Firstly, political factors refer to the political organizations and relevant policies, laws, regulations as well as other factors which have the actual and potential impacts on operating activities (Gillespie, 2007). The charge which was raised by airports of different countries has a significan t effect on Ryanair. Indirectly, Ryanair is also insubstantial to extra charges and taxes, for instance, the â‚ ¬10 tourist tax imposed by the Irish government.In addition, EU imposed a regulation on 17 February 2005, which asked airlines to provide standardized and immediate assistance for passengers who stayed at EU airports for delays, cancellations and denied boarding. This regulation led Ryanair to raise at least â‚ ¬200 million in their budget every year. (O’Higgins, 2011) Secondly, economic factors mean the organization's external economic structure, industrial layout, resource situation, the level of economic development and future economic trends (Gillespie, 2007). There are two interrelated economic factors that affect Ryanair. The first one is the recession of 2008/09.It created adverse economic situations such as high unemployment rates and severe credit crisis, which lead to the leisure spending and business passengers declining. Ryanair's planned passenger volume growth has been restricted by this depression. Moreover, the continuing growth of fuel price is the greatest concern to this company. It is hard to control and predict the wide fluctuations of Jet fuel price and its increase demand. According to Pearce (2011, 3), â€Å"However, the developed economies have seen a much slower recovery and levels of output, income and spending remain well below pre-recession levels†.Thirdly, social factor refers to the historical development, cultural traditions, values, education levels, as well as customs and other factors of society where the organization belongs to (Gillespie, 2007). It can be found in Ryanair's own report (2012) that Ryanair as well as other airlines are facing some social changes–threats from terrorist attacks, the continuing acceptance of the security budget suppliers and more price-sensitive business travelers. These factors make up the social factors which affect Ryanair and aviation industry.Fourthly, t echnological factors include not only the revolutionary innovation but also some relative new technologies, new materials and new ways of operating or management (Gillespie, 2007). For airline industry and airline companies, the contributions of technology could be separated in three parts: to ensure aviation safety, to improve the quality of services and to make operations more efficient. Even Ryanair bought some of second-hand planes, these aircraft are all Boeing 737, which could reduce the training fee for pilots and flight attendants (Box, 2005).More important, Boeing's help to make the unitive structures of plants could decrease the possibilities of incorrect operations and the unsuited spare parts of aircrafts. Although Ryanair is widely regarded as a low cost airline, it is also one of the safest airlines. As some of other airlines rely on the tickets agents, Ryanair built its own website and ticketing system. The cost of agency fee is reduced and the company could make cont rol of the ticket service which could lead to some misunderstandings as some operators of tickets agents would treat customers in a worse mood.Furthermore, through operating the ticketing system, Ryanair itself, could make booking tickets and bounce easier and speedily. Fifthly, environmental factors include ecological and environmental aspects. Countries in the world are faced with the enormous challenges of environmental issues, and sustainable development is an important way to solve this problem (Gillespie, 2007). Due to the report of IATA, air transport contributes 2% of global man-made CO2 emissions. Although Boeing 737 helps Ryanair to save fuel of airplane, it is not enough at the moment.New energy sources such as biological energy source are in the experimental stage and should be used in the further, and most airlines have to adapt to the new development. Lastly, legal factors include discrimination law, consumer law, antitrust law, employment law, and health and safety la w (Gillespie, 2007). Ryanair's latest attempt to take over its Irish rival Aer Lingus is investigated by the European Commission over competition worries. Ryanair also has problem with the government. The British government decided to remain the Air Passenger Duty (APD), a ladder-type tax, and raised the tax rate by nearly 10%.This change leads to the increase of cost of daily operation of Ryanair. To cover the costs of the EU's new eco-looney ETS tax, the Ryanair has to raise the prices of tickets, which could make their prices less competitive. Furthermore, BAA, the owner of London's Heathrow airport, is seeking to sell Edinburgh after losing a legal challenge to an order from the UK's antitrust regulator to break up the company, while the bid of Ryanair is rejected by BAA (Rothwell, 2012). Strategic capability analysis SWOT Analysis Model is used to assess the strategic capability of Ryanair by four dimensions: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats.Strength 1. Low-cost st rategy The most significant strength of Ryanair is its low-cost strategy. It uses a young efficient fleet with low cost of ownership and industry load factors to increase benefit and gain high asset utilization. The following statement from their CEO Michael O’Leary proves that â€Å"These quarterly results are a testimony to the strength of the Ryanair ‘lowest cost’ model which – even during the most difficult trading conditions (including record fuel prices and intense competition) – delivers strong passenger growth and profits. †(Sorensen, 2005) 2. Youngest fleetRyanair only choose to use Boeing 737 planes for easier staff training and also can improve pilot’s familiarity with aircraft operation, in this way to keep customers’ safety. According to O’Higgins Ryanair â€Å"reducing the average age of its aircraft to 2. 4 years† which be the youngest planes in Europe and increased the safety of the flight (2011). 3 . New kinds of marketing strategy Ryanair uses newspaper, radio, television and all the possible methods they can to advise, which are proved to be efficient on increasing the number of customers: â€Å"as a result,Internet bookings account for 99 per cent of all reservations†(O’ Higgins, 2011).Otherwise, some methods might be controversial and audacious, such as using the pictures of Queen Sofia, President Sarkozy and his wife’s on the air slipping. Although the action is without permission and also costs damage, it still made the company become famous rapidly. Weakness 1. Customers’ dissatisfaction Ryanair takes a lot of ancillary revenues from customers, which causes customer’s dissatisfaction, such as payment for using the toilet on plane, charge for check-in luggage and â€Å"fat tax† for overweight passengers. These measures will lead to customer’s bad impression to the company. 2. Overstep in increasing scaleRyanair is too addi cted to increasing scale. This will cause the increasing of operating costs. With the growing of fuel and airport charges, the bigger scale of the company is, the more challenges it will be faced to. 3. Single-handed leader and the controversial acts As Ryanair’s CEO, Michael O’Leary is a controversial leader. The issues he made such as calling thousands of passengers â€Å"idiots† (Huff Post, 2012), using the Italian minister Umberto Bossi abusive gestures picture for advertising caused great repercussion. Most of people think this measure was not suitable and will give a bad impression on Ryanair.Opportunities 1. New markets With the enlargement of the European Union, a lot of new destinations could be opened up. Skies agreement opened by EU could be a source for increased routes and passenger traffic inwards. According to the opinion of Ryanair’s route development director O’Toole, there remains major opportunities in Spain and Italy, as well as Norway, Portugal, Greece, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Russia (Routes Online, 2010). Besides that, future open skies agreements in Turkey, Tunisia and Georgia could make these interesting countries for the carrier, he added. 2. Benefits from economic recession.Though economic slowdown created unfavourable economic conditions with reduced spending by leisure and business passengers which restricts the growth of the whole airline industry, actually, it can help Ryanair to improve corporate culture, and ‘steal’ customers from traditional carriers as they seek lower fares. Mr. O'Leary, Ryanair’s CEO, stated that the rise in profit came â€Å"despite the economic downturn† in Europe (New Europe Online, 2011), and he intended to double the size of the airline over the next decade. Threats 1. Increasing oil price Ryanair’s earning rate highly depends on the oil market because the fuel cost is influenced by it.With the increasing of global oil price, fuel cost cou ld be a burden for Ryanair and its expansion plans will be challenged by the high fuel price. 2. Increase of low fare competition According to Newll (2006, 3), â€Å"Yet perhaps the price tag has become too much the focus of attention†. Value market segment is being catered by an increasing number of competitors, such as easyJet, Air Berlin, Basic Air, BMIBaby. Slots at some primary airports have been established by them (Air Scoop, 2007). Ryanair have to compete directly with other low cost carriers in the near future.At the same time, additional marketing costs and reduced yields from lower fares force Ryanair to promote additional routes. As a result, Ryanair was likely to encounter increased competition, and continue depressing yields, as airlines struggled to fill vacant seats to cover fixed costs. 3. Customers are very price sensitive Because of the low cost strategy, the customers of Ryanair are much more sensitive to price, that means, any kinds of extra fees could ma ke bad influence on its corporate image. As a result, it is difficult for Ryanair to improve unit profit and have to reduce unit costs through scale expansion (O’Higgins). . Introduction of duty for fuel and environmental charges Since Ryanair is powerless to prevent the environmental charges such as the tax on aviation fuel, its growth potential would be reduced as the unit costs would be increased. SO strategies 1. Ryanair should use the low-cost passenger ticker strengths to attract more customers. Nowadays, global economic recession is a serious problem to all over the world, especially for Europe. Ryanair is a company most facing the European market. Customers now are more concern about the price. The company should catch this opportunity to occupy more market share. . Special â€Å"pay by use† service of Ryanair is one of its characteristics and the unusual features compared with other companies which can decrease costs of services. Ryanair can use the financial crisis of competitor’s and capture the opportunity to attract more customers and earn more profit than others. ST Strategies 1. In the next few years, low cost airlines market expansion would probably slow down because new opportunities would be more limited. As growth slows, labor costs for the low-cost carriers will continue to rise as well as the level of oil prices.Ryanair should be prepared for convergence of costs and conditions and make corresponding strategies, but it should still retain the ‘no-frills’ advantage of high seat density, aircraft utilization and lowest fares in any market (Air Scoop, 2007). 2. In order to achieve the aim to be the biggest player and keep its domination in the low-price market segment, Ryanair will have to expand into more popular routes coupled with retaining its differentiation strategy, such as purchasing newer, more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly aircrafts and offering best customer services compared with its peer grouping in Europe.Strategic Assessment The core strategy of Ryanair Airlines is cost-focus strategy. The company continuously keeps its cost at a low level to offer low-fares services. Actually, cost control is the central strategy of all budget airlines, such as Ryanair’s main competitor in Europe—easyJet. In this part, we are going to assess Ryanair’s competitive strategy through a comparison with the operating performance of easyJet. EasyJet is a Europe's leading airline comes from the United Kingdom, founded in 1995, which has remarkable positions in some key markets: No. in Gatwick, Milan and Geneva; No. 2 in Paris with over 300 million people within a one hour drive of an easyJet carrier (easyJet plc, 2012). And easyJet is one of the leading lights of Europe's budget flight industry. 1. Financial results analysis with business strategy Table 1 Comparison of operating financial results between Ryanair’s & easyJets in 2012 Ryanair(? million)Eas yJet(? million) Scheduled revenues28273794 Ancillary revenues71560 Total operating revenues35423854 Scheduled revenues /total operating revenue79. 8%98. 4% Selected costs Fuel12841149 Maintenance84203 Marketing145104Total operating expenses29883323 Source: Ryanair Annual Report 2012 & easyJet Annual Report 2012 In their own financial year of 2011/12, Ryanair performed better than easyJet by ? 312 million in the total operating revenues (after exchange EURO to GBP with current rate), which mainly due to the high ancillary revenues from various ancillary services and involvement in other activities connected with its core air passenger services, including non-flight scheduled services, Internet-related services, and the in-flight sale of beverages, food, and merchandise (Ryanair annual report, 2012).Michael O’Leary talked previously about their ancillary strategy: â€Å"If you want a quiet flight, use another airline, Ryanair is noisy, full and we are always trying to sell you something† (O’Higgins, 2009). The ancillary strategy has been working well so far. However, the scheduled revenues which should be the primary business revenue of Ryanair were lower than its competitor easyJet. It might be caused by the cutting routes strategy and lower average load factors, especially the cutting routes strategy carried out in 2009, which has already cut down 389 rotes (1000 routes in 2009).In terms of operating costs, Ryanair had a better performance in controlling total operating expenses in 2011/12, which is ? 2988 million, while that of easyJet is ? 3323 million. However, Ryanair spent more on fuel and oil, which occupied nearly 43% of the Ryanair’s total expenses. Jet fuel is always variable and cannot be predicted previously. And jet fuel prices are dependent on crude oil prices, which are quoted in U. S. dollars. As a result, Ryanair’s fuel cost is affected by currency exchange. â€Å"Based on Ryanair’s fuel consumption fo r the year 2011, a change of $1. 0 in the average annual price per metric ton of jet fuel would have caused a change of approximately â‚ ¬1. 5 million in Ryanair’s fuel costs† (Ryanair annual report, 2012). In order to minimize its loss on fuel price change and currency rate, like many other airlines do, such as Southwest Airlines, Ryanair uses forward contracts to protect against fluctuations. Ryanair’s maintenance cost is relatively lower than easyJet. It might be largely due to the aircraft it adopts. Ryanair uses single fleet type—Boeing 737-800, which is considered to be one of the most fuel efficient fleet type, while easyJet has two types—Airbus A320, A319.The single fleet type reduces the number and cost of aircraft components in stock, as well as its maintenance cost. Ryanair’s marketing cost is more than easyJet’s. This may be a result of its promotion for ancillary revenue. In order to earn a widely range of revenue apart from scheduled revenue, Ryanair advertises its services in national and regional newspapers, as well as controversial and topical advertising (Ryanair annual report, 2012). 2. Growth capacity under strategy: Table 2: Ryanair’s financial performance(â‚ ¬Million) 20122011Changes Total revenue4,324. 93,629. +19% Profit before tax560. 4375. 6+50% Adjusted net profit after tax502. 6400. 7+25% Basic earnings per share (in euro cent)38. 0325. 21+51% Adjusted basic EPS (in euro cent)24. 1026. 97+26% Source: Ryanair annual report 2012 Ryanair’s operations have grown rapidly during 2011/12. This year, net profit after tax had a 25% increase after adjusted, total operating revenues increased by 19% to â‚ ¬4,324. 9 million as average fares rose by 16% (Ryanair annual report, 2012). Furthermore, ancillary revenues grew up by 11%, faster than the 5% increase in passenger numbers.Although the average load factor of Ryanair was lower than its competitor, there is still an incre ase of 13% (Ryanair annual report, 2012). In 2012/13, Ryanair plans to develop 330 new routes and intend to continue expanding its navigation, new destinations and new flights, which are expected to increase Ryanair’s booked passenger volumes to approximately 79 million passengers per year. In addition, there is a strategy of transferring operating flights from high cost airports to low cost airports in winter in order to reduce cost in off season.Overall, the company’s growth has been largely dependent on increasing performance and growing capacity. 3. Star rating & customer satisfaction From Low-Cost Airline Ranking in Official SKYTRAX Airline Star Ranking website (2012), the star ranking of Ryanair is two stars while easyJet is three stars. And easyJet ranked 5th in World's Best Low-Cost Airlines award, however, Ryanair wasn’t in this list. Actually, Ryanair always has a worse public image than its competitors due to its marketing strategy by making stunts.An d in some instances, the extra charges imposed on passengers such as check-in charges and booking fees make customers unsatisfied. What is worse, some flying accidents make its statements of punctuality and safety being doubted by the public. Conclusion Overall, Ryanair is successful in planning and performing its cost focus strategy. Facing with the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, it is recommended that: 1. Ryanair should continue using its low fares to attract price-sensitive customers. 2. Ryanair can keep following its â€Å"pay by use† service, which is an effective way to ensure low price.However, when taking extra charges, it should consider the public’s attitudes to the fee. 3. Ryanair should continue controlling its costs to compete with other low fare airlines, especially fuel and oil costs. 4. Ryanair should pay attention to its brand and reputation, and make some efforts to earn a better degree of satisfaction. 5. Ryanair should take measure s to build a good relationship with authorities and governments. Reference List Gillespie, A. (2007), Foundations of Economics, Oxford University Press: Oxford O’Higgins, E. 2011), ‘Ryanair: the low fares airline – future destinations? ’,IN, Johnson,C. (ed. ) Exploring Strategy: Text and Cases, Pearson Education, pp. 618-627 Pearce, B. (2012), ‘The state of air transport markets and the airline industry after the great recession', Journal of Air Transport Management, Volume 21, July 2012, pp. 3-9 Rothwell, S. (2012), Ryanair Deepens Cuts at Edinburgh as BAA Seeks to Complete Sale [Online]. Available: http://www. businessweek. com/news/2012-04-12/ryanair-deepens-cuts-at-edinburgh-as-baa-seeks-to-complete-sale [Accessed: 12th April 2012]Box, T. M. (2005), ‘RYANAIR (2005): successful low cost leadership', Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, Volume 13, Number 3, pp. 65-67 Air Scoop, (2007), The Low Cost Carriers Analysis Newslett er, [online], Available: http://www. air-scoop. com/pdf/air_scoop_May2007. pdf [Accessed: 10th December 2012]. Huff Post, (2012), Ryanair CEO Michael O’Leary Calls Passengers â€Å"Idiots†, [online], Available: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/09/05/ryanair-ceo-michael-oleary-calls-passengers-idiots_n_1857143. html [Accessed: 10th December 2012]New Europe Online, (2011), Ryanair profits rise despite fuel costs and economic downturn, [online], Available: http://www. neurope. eu/article/ryanair-profits-rise-despite-fuel-costs-and-economic-downturn [Accessed: 10th December 2012]. Newll, I. (2006), ‘Is win-win just pie in the sky? ‘, Strategic Direction: The airline industry, Volume 22, Number 6 June 2006, pp, 3-5 O’Higgins, E. , 2011, Ryanair: the low fares airline – future destinations? , IN, Johnson,C. (ed. ) Exploring Strategy: Text and Cases, Pearson Education, pp. 618-627Routes Online, (2010), â€Å"Major opportunities remain in Europeà ¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€Ryanair route director,[online], Available: http://www. routesonline. com/news/36/the-hub/97447/amajor-opportunities-remain-in-europea-a-ryanair-route-director/ [Accessed: 10th December 2012]. Sorensen, T. C. , (2005), An analysis of the European low fare airline industry- with focus on Ryanair, Aarhus School of Business. EasyJet Evidence, 2012. AT A GLANCE. [online] Available at: [Accessed 1 December 2012]. Ryanair, 2012. Annual report 2011-2012. [online]Available at: [Accessed 1 December2012]. easyJet plc, 2012. Annual report 2011-2012. online]Available at: [Accessed 1 December2012]. STARTRAX Evidence,2012. Low-Cost Airline Ranking. [online] Available at: [Accessed 1 December 2012 ] Appendix Selected operating data RyanaireasyJet PASSENGERS (JAN’11 – DEC ’11)76. 4million55. 5million AVERAGE LOAD FACTOR82. 2%87. 5% NUMBER OF DAILY FLIGHTS13531260 COUNTRIES SERVED2730 DESTINATIONS162130 ROUTES6111400 PERMANENT EMPLOYEES75719000 NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT27 5202 AVERAGE FLEET AGE3. 03. 9 FLEET TYPE275 Boeing 737-80035 Airbus A320 167 Airbus A319 Sources: European Low Fares Airlines Association (ELFAA), December 2011